1
2
  -2023
.. 
 
( -II)
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1.             
    
2.             
-
3.     ,    :

10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99

11
19
21
16
10
8
6
3
1
4.             :
   
2
2
0-10 5
10-20 7
20-30 14
30-40 12
40-50 9
50-60 6
60-70 2
-
5.     -          X  Y   
 6  8 

6
10
8

9
?
7
6.    ,     -  :

25
28
35
32
31
36
29
38
34
32

43
46
49
41
36
32
31
30
33
39
 -
7.             ,
            
8. -            :
 : 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
000    : 18 21 23 27 16
3
2
  -2023
..  
 
( -II)
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1.             
    
:   
          ,  ,   
               
    ,             

 ,               
,   
                    
       
         
  
  
     -     
     
 :
1.   
o             
,         
4
2
o :          
       
2.   
o       ,       
       
o e:             
 
3.   
o    '     ,      
   
o :            

 
4.   
o        ,     
   
o :             
       
5.   
o          
o :            
      
6.     
o      '         

o :            
    
  
      ,        :
1.     

5
2
o    '           
   
o :          


2.    
o       ,      
o :         
     
3.   
  
o             


o :          ,  
  
       ;     
  
4.   '   
o      ,      

o :        
5.     
o            
o :        -
   
     
      
 ,    
              :
1.   
o  , ,        
      
o :    ,        
      
2.   
o          
    
6
2
o :          
         
3.     
o              
  
o :             
    
4.    
o     '         
    
o :              
  
5.  
o             
o :       ,    
   
6.   
o              
,   GDP (  )  GNP (  )   
o : GDP   ,     
 
7.  
o       '      

o :           
 ,
         
8.   
o     ,        
     
o :          
   
7
2

              , 
,           ,    
,          '   ,  
   ,  ,   ,     
       '        ,
,              

2.             
:     : , ,  
-
  - ,   , ,      
       
  ,     
         ,      
                 
 
  
       '       
 
             , 
         
  
 -    '         :
1.  -        '    ,  
, ,  ,       
o

:           
 
2.  -    ,   , ,   
 '    ,       
o

:      '   (  0-50, 51-75,
76-100)
8
2
3.  -       ,      '
   ,       
o

: (, , , )    
4.   -     '    ,   ,
,  ,       
o

:2019, 2020  2021      
    
    
 :        
 ,           
 
 :     -   
     
    :         
   
   
 :       
 
 
  
               
       ,         
 
    
         :
1.   -          
o

:-      
  

 


30

28

35
2.  -          
o

:-        
  
9
2

 

 

15
15
30

12
16
28

18
17
35
   
           :
:  '       
  :   ()   ()    
 
:               
   
:    
 ( ):      
    
 :        
 :  -         
 :      
 
 
 :        ,   
 
   
     
         '       
               
 1:   

       '   :

  

40

35
10
2

25

20
 2:   

        :

 

 

30
10
40

25
10
35

15
10
25

10
10
20
,                  


             
  ,    
 ,       
    ,    
    ,    
  
 ,   ,        
    
-
3.     ,    :

10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99

11
19
21
16
10
8
6
3
1
:,    
    ,            
  :
1. -                   
11
2
2. -                 
      
3.  -                    
   
,         
  :
 ( )
 (f)
10 - 19
11
20 - 29
19
30 - 39
21
40 - 49
16
50 - 59
10
60 - 69
8
70 - 79
6
80 - 89
3
90 - 99
1
 1:  () 
         :
:
f     
X      ,      :
 1.1:   
12
2
 
  (X)
 (f)

10 - 19
(10+19)/2 = 14.5
11
11 × 14.5 = 159.5
20 - 29
(20+29)/2 = 24.5
19
19 × 24.5 = 465.5
30 - 39
(30+39)/2 = 34.5
21
21 × 34.5 = 724.5
40 - 49
(40+49)/2 = 44.5
16
16 × 44.5 = 712
50 - 59
(50+59)/2 = 54.5
10
10 × 54.5 = 545
60 - 69
(60+69)/2 = 64.5
8
8 × 64.5 = 516
70 - 79
(70+79)/2 = 74.5
6
6 × 74.5 = 447
80 - 89
(80+89)/2 = 84.5
3
3 × 84.5 = 253.5
90 - 99
(90+99)/2 = 94.5
1
1 × 94.5 = 94.5
 1.2:    
 1.3:    
 ,  () 41.24 
 2:  
             , 

    :
:
L =     
N =   (95)
13
2
CF =      
f =    
h =   (     )
 2.1:   
, N/2   :
,      47.5   
 
 (f)
  (CF)
10 - 19
11
11
20 - 29
19
11 + 19 = 30
30 - 39
21
30 + 21 = 51
40 - 49
16
51 + 16 = 67
50 - 59
10
67 + 10 = 77
60 - 69
8
77 + 8 = 85
70 - 79
6
85 + 6 = 91
80 - 89
3
91 + 3 = 94
90 - 99
1
94 + 1 = 95
  30 - 39  
    (51) 47.5      
 2.2:   
L=29.5L (30-39    )
/2=47.5
CF=30 (30-39     )
f=21 (   )
10h=10 ( )
14
2
 ,  37.83 
 3:  
                , 

    :
:
L =     
f1 =    
f0 =      
f2 =     
h =  
  30 - 39  
      (21) 
  :
,  32.36 
15
2
 :
 = 41.24
 = 37.83
 = 32.36    
4.             :
   
0-10 5
10-20 7
20-30 14
30-40 12
40-50 9
50-60 6
60-70 2
:          
 
    ,    , 
     
  ""  ""          :
1.   (SD)-            ()   
           ,      
        
2.    (CV))   -      
    ,             
        
  --          
 1:  
    -      :
16
2
 ( )
   ()
0 - 10
5
10 - 20
7
20 - 30
14
30 - 40
12
40 - 50
9
50 - 60
6
60 - 70
2

 
  (0-10, 10-20,   )     ,   
           
 2:   
   , 
       :
     :
 ( )
   (f)
  (x)
0 - 10
5
(0+10)/2 = 5
10 - 20
7
(10+20)/2 = 15
20 - 30
14
(20+30)/2 = 25
30 - 40
12
(30+40)/2 = 35
40 - 50
9
(40+50)/2 = 45
50 - 60
6
(50+60)/2 = 55
60 - 70
2
(60+70)/2 = 65
 3:  ()   
  , 
  :
17
2
:
f =  (  )
x =  
∑f =    
, 
f×xf    
 ( )
   (f)
  (x)
 × 
0 - 10
5
5
5 × 5 = 25
10 - 20
7
15
7 × 15 = 105
20 - 30
14
25
14 × 25 = 350
30 - 40
12
35
12 × 35 = 420
40 - 50
9
45
9 × 45 = 405
50 - 60
6
55
6 × 55 = 330
60 - 70
2
65
2 × 65 = 130
 :
 f × x:
:
 4:  
                
 :
18
2
 ()2  f()2   𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥

( )
  
()
 
()
𝒙 𝒙
()2𝒙 𝒙
()2𝒙 𝒙
0 - 10
5
5
5 - 32.09 = -27.09
733.86
5 × 733.86 = 3669.30
10 - 20
7
15
15 - 32.09 = -17.09
292.06
7 × 292.06 = 2044.42
20 - 30
14
25
25 - 32.09 = -7.09
50.26
14 × 50.26 = 703.64
30 - 40
12
35
35 - 32.09 = 2.91
8.47
12 × 8.47 = 101.64
40 - 50
9
45
45 - 32.09 = 12.91
166.70
9 × 166.70 = 1500.30
50 - 60
6
55
55 - 32.09 = 22.91
524.93
6 × 524.93 = 3149.58
60 - 70
2
65
65 - 32.09 = 32.91
1083.50
2 × 1083.50 = 2167.00
 :
 5:    (CV)   
   -           
    :
 
 = 32.09
  = 15.57
   = 48.52%
19
2

       32.09       48.52%   
 
            
     
    ,  CV            
 
   -         ,    
,  ,    !
-
5.     -          X  Y   
 6  8 

6
2
10
4
8

9
11
?
8
7
: -   
-   (r   )          
                  
     r   -1  +1   :
+1    
 
-1    
 
0   


-    -- 
      :

6
2
10
4
8

9
11
?
8
7
 1:   
X  Y     6  8      :

      , Y          :
20
2
Y       :
  ?:
 ,  Y  5      :

6
2
10
4
8

9
11
5
8
7
 2: -     
  -      :
:
X (X  ) = 6
Ȳ (Y  ) = 8
 (X - X
)  (Y - Ȳ)   :

6
2
10
4
8
 - 6
0
-4
4
-2
2

9
11
5
8
7
 - 8
1
3
-3
0
-1
, (X - X
) (Y - Ȳ)  :
 - 6
0
-4
4
-2
2
 - 8
1
3
-3
0
-1
(X-6)(Y-8)
0
-12
-12
0
-2
 (X - X
)(Y - Ȳ):
, 
  (X - X
 (Y - Ȳ)²:
 - 6
0
-4
4
-2
2
(X-6)²
0
16
16
4
4
 - 8
1
3
-3
0
-1
(Y-8)²
1
9
9
0
1
21
2
  :
, r     :
  
-  -0.92 ,   -1      X  Y     

    , - X    , Y      
-  - 
-     ,   '      
 '       '    
 ,   
      ,        
   (X) 
  (Y) '    ,        ,   
  
 ,            

, 
   ,            

      -         
, 
X  Y     - ,     X   Y
      -  -  , ,  
 ,           
6.    ,     -  :

25
28
35
32
31
36
29
38
34
32

43
46
49
41
36
32
31
30
33
39
:    -  
 ,            ,  
-               
        -     '    
         -- :
X  :25, 28, 35, 32, 31, 36, 29, 38, 34, 32
Y  :43, 46, 49, 41, 36, 32, 31, 30, 33, 39
22
2
 1: X  Y     
     ,   , X  Y   ()    

                 
X  :
Y  :
 2:        
        
 :
X  Y   (Y = a+bX    ) -   X   ' Y 
  
Y  X   (X=c+dY   ) -   Y   ' X 
  
    ,   (X  Y    b      Y  X
   d    )   ( a  c    ) 

 2.1:X  Y  
X  Y   , 
 (b)    :
:
      ,
𝑥  X  Y   𝑦
    --  :
1.     Xi Yi−   𝑥𝑦
23
2


𝒙
𝒚
(Xi−) 𝒙
𝒚
(Xi−)𝑋
2
25
43
-11
0.1
-1.1
121
28
46
-8
3.1
-24.8
64
35
49
-1
6.1
-6.1
1
32
41
-4
-1.9
7.6
16
31
36
-5
-6.9
34.5
25
36
32
0
-10.9
0
0
29
31
-7
-11.9
83.3
49
38
30
2
-12.9
-25.8
4
34
33
-2
-9.9
19.8
4
32
39
-4
-3.9
15.6
16
 
 (b)     :
3.  (a)   :
 , X  Y     :
 2.2: Y  X  
Y  X   , 
 (d)    :
24
2
 Yi−    
    :𝒚


𝒙
𝒚
(Xi−) ()𝒙
𝒚
(𝒚)
𝟐
25
43
-11
0.1
-1.1
0.01
28
46
-8
3.1
-24.8
9.61
35
49
-1
6.1
-6.1
37.21
32
41
-4
-1.9
7.6
.
31
36
-5
-6.9
34.5
47.61
36
32
0
-10.9
0
118.81
29
31
-7
-11.9
83.3
141.61
38
30
2
-12.9
-25.8
166.41
34
33
-2
-9.9
19.8
98.01
32
39
-4
-3.9
15.6
15.21
  (d)   :
  (c)   :
 , Y  X     :
=35.524+0.0111
 3:-  (r)   
25
2
r    - ,         
        :
b  d   :

X  Y     :
=42.048+0.0237X
Y  X     :
=35.524+0.0111
-  0.872 ,  X  Y       


    - X  , Y    ,       

 -
7.             ,
            
:  :   
          -  '     
          , , ,  
               '
    -            
  
   
      :
26
2
1.  :           
   ,    (CPI)        ' 
             CPI
 ,   
        ,      
2.    :             
         ,     GDP (  )
     ,         
      
3.       :      
 -             ,
       
4.    :          
        ,        
    ,             
5.    :  -       
                
     
6.   :        
        ,     
                
   
      ( )        
       ,        (  )
    ,             
 
   :
:
P1        
P0       
Q0       
27
2
:
   
 , A  B,           
    , A   10   B   20    , A   12  
B   24      A  B   5-5  ,    
     (   5 )     
 ,          ,    
  
   :
    
             '    
   
:
        
  ,   
         ,    -
    
   
               , 
                
       
 
    :
:
P1        
P0       
Q1       
:
     , A  B    ,      , 
A  6   B  4       
    Paasche
     ,          
28
2
    :
         
 
     '         
:
        
        
 
       
         
 
   
     ""      
    
             
                
             
   :
:
L   
P   
:
  , 
        '  , 
           
   :
            
               
:
           
        '    
,        
29
2
               
 -      
                

 ,        
         ,    
         

                
      ,        
               
,                

8. -            :
 : 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
000    : 18 21 23 27 16
: 
        ,           
            ()      
    ,  
      :
Y=a+bX
:
Y   (000  ),
X   ( 
     ),
a   (  Y-   ),
b   (       )
-- 
     :
30
2

 (000  )
1990
18
1992
21
1994
23
1996
27
1998
16
 1:    

     ( , 1990, 1992, ),     '    
      , 
   1990   , 1990 0 
 , 1992 2   ,             
        :
 (X)
 (Y)
0
18
2
21
4
23
6
27
8
16
 2:       
-       -   ,      
              aaa  bbb  
          
aaa ()  bbb ()    :
1.  ():
:
n     ,
∑XY, X  Y     ,
31
2
∑X  Y, X  Y     ,
∑X2, X     
2.  (aaa):
 3:    
       
       
  :
 (X)
 (Y)
 × 
0
18
0
0
2
21
42
4
4
23
92
16
6
27
162
36
8
16
128
64
,     :
∑X=0+2+4+6+8=20
∑Y=18+21+23+27+16=105
∑X2=0+4+16+36+64=120
n=5 (
 5   )
 4:  b   
, 
  b      :
 ,  (b)   0.1 
 5:  a   
32
2
, 
     (a)  :
 ,  (a) 20.6 
 6:     
     (b=0.1b = 0.1b=0.1)   (a=20.6a = 20.6a=20.6)  , 
      :
=20.6+0.1X
         
 7:   
 Y=20.6+0.1X        0.1  ( )    20.6
  
   X=0X = 0X=0,   1990  
 8:   ()
 
                
 ,  
 2000        (, X=10X = 10X=10):
=20.6+0.1×10=20.6+1=21.6
 ,  2000    21.6   

-     , 
            
            
   
     ,       ,   
              , ,   
0.1      -    '          
   
:            ( )      
         , 
         